How to Become a Software Project Manager?

Large projects often face timeline delays, cost overruns, and increasing workloads due to issues like scope creep, estimation errors, and judgment bias. This happens not from lack of effort, but from insufficient project control and management. Project controlling is essential for keeping a project on schedule, within budget, and meeting quality standards.A project manager’s role includes both managing and controlling the project to ensure accurate scheduling, budget adherence, and quality maintenance.Formal education can be attained by acquiring certifications or by enrolling in project management programs. A Project Management certificate course can help you better comprehend and prepare for the exam by giving you in-depth knowledge of project management methodologies and procedures as well as hands-on experience. What is Project Controlling in Project Management?migsoProject controlling is the process of gathering data on the progress of the project schedule and the cost incurred, and ensuring that it is on track.The project controlling process includes evaluating the project progress, forecasting the future based on current measurements and then implementing measures to improve performance.Since the project environment is dynamic and unpredictable, controlling projects is fairly challenging as things don’t always go the way planned.Why are Project Controls Important?Project control process is directly correlated to stakeholder’s expectations and project progress. Usually projects fail as a result of collection of small issues that cause significant impact to the schedule, cost, quality and risk in the entirety of the project.These small issues are identified and dealt with under the project control process such that the project does not go off track. Project managers understand that whether it’s a construction project or a website launch for a small business, additional costs, unexpected delays or unpredictable circumstances can arise at any point. However the lack of project controls to anticipate and resolve these issues can result in the project being off track eventually. Features of Project ControllingApplied at Every Level: Controlling is a top down process wherein the top management lays out the strategic plans and budget constraints of a project, and this is applied at the project operational level. Ongoing Process: The controlling process has to be applied throughout the project duration and is a continuous process to monitor progress and control deviations. This helps the organization adopt a proactive approach rather than a reactive one.Regular Feedback: By regularly measuring the project progress against estimations, the project receives regular feedback on the progress or deviations. Flexible: The project controlling process can be adapted to the needs of a project and can be updated according to the phase of a project.Steps Involved in Project Controls ProcessThe process of Project controlling can be divided into 4 easy steps and they are explained in brief below: Standards and Baselines: Determining the qualitative or quantitative standards in order to ensure that the deliverables meet certain expectations. Baseline ( an approved plan accepted during the planning stage) is used to evaluate the performance of the project deliverable.Measurement: Once the standards and baselines are established, the project operations and deliverables are measured. This provides status updates in the form of progress reports, dashboards and checklists.Analyzing the Data: Comparing the collected data with the predetermined standards and baselines to determine if there are any differences.Corrective Steps: If the differences are more than the tolerable limit and can be corrected, this step involves taking action towards resolving the differences.Benefits of Project ControlsOptimized Resource Consumption: This process helps to ensure that the available resources are used effectively and efficiently by tracking the processes regularly and ensuring the project is completed according to the plan. Facilitates Decision Making: Regular tracking of the processes and deliverables helps an organization in making timely decisions that can get the project on track timely in case of any deviations. Accountability: Project controlling helps in establishing clear accountability and responsibility lines.Better Coordination: Since the processes are evaluated regularly and impact of each activity is measured against the desired outcome, this fosters more transparency and better coordination between the teams to resolve problems early. Regular Reporting: The process involves regularly measuring the performance of current processes and comparing them to the planned results. Thus, the status of the project is regularly reported. Avoiding Gold Plating and Scope Creep: Adding extra features to the product (Gold plating) or expanding the scope of the project without requesting for a formal change request ( scope creep) are avoided by project controlling as each change is measured against the originally approved plan.Types of Project ControlsFeedback Control: This type of control uses inspection and feedback as a method to ensure that the product is as per the original requirements Concurrent Control: This type is focused on ensuring that the project timelines and important milestones are met, and if any corrective actions are needed to ensure the project stays on schedule.Predictive Control: This type of control measures the current performance of the project or the actual cost incurred till date, and forecasts the estimated performance or cost towards the end of the project.If you want to demonstrate your understanding of Project controlling and work efficiently as a part of a project management team within a PRINCE2 supporting environment, then you should opt for PRINCE2 courses. Processes That Define Project ControlsIn order to have an efficient project control mechanism in a project, it is important to perform a root cause analysis in case of any deviation. In other words, it is vital to know which process or function leads to the discrepancy in the result. Thus, we need an integrated project control in project management function that gives a holistic view of the processes.Project PlanningBudgetingRisk ManagementChange ManagementForecastingPerformance ManagementProject Administration1. Project PlanningThis is the process wherein project managers and control managers collaborate for the project. Decisions regarding the cost baselines, schedule and milestones, and scope statement are made in this process, and the actual performance of the project is measured against these metrics.2. BudgetingIn order to understand why variances occur, it is important to integrate the budgeting process into project activities. For senior managers and project teams, a transparent process in the form of time phased budgets serves as a benchmark for the project performance.3. Risk ManagementRisk management in a project is closely affected by the project control function in a project. By identifying potential risks, monitoring and assessing the impact of risks, and designing approaches to mitigate risks, the project control process helps in minimizing the impact on budget and schedule.4. Change ManagementThe deviations in a project are caused by a number of different reasons and no particular factor can be singled out as a cause of the deviation. Identifying and assessing the impact of each change requested and deciding if the change is approved or rejected, is a part of the change management process. This process helps in establishing clear accountability and updates in the baselines, if any, due to approved change requests.5. ForecastingBy regularly measuring the current performance against the approved baselines, the project managers are able to forecast the performance of the project at completion. Various statistical methods are used to arrive at the estimate at completion. This estimate helps the project manager take corrective measures if a project is going off track.6. Performance ManagementUsing Key Performance Indicators ( KPIs) for evaluating the health of the project and for forecasting the trends, is useful for implementing corrective actions in the project control process.7. Project AdministrationEstablishing processes and systems that enable transparent sharing of information amongst team members, and providing a platform to collaborate. The focus of this process is to enable project status updates, and exchange lessons learned so that the team can focus on execution and not on routine tasks.Project Controls Techniques Small Work Packages Baselines Status Meetings Completion Criteria Reviews Milestones and Checkpoints Track Requirements Formal Sign Offs Independent QA Auditor V Method1. Small Work PackagesSmall work packages ensure more accurate estimates and better control over the project activities.When work packages are scheduled to be completed within one or two reporting periods, the ability to detect a delay or trouble is much easier and is useful for controlling the project. With early detection, one can work on the preventive and corrective measures faster and reduce the impact on other critical factors.2. BaselinesThe baselines are really important in the project control process, as the performance of the project is measured against the baselines.The process includes establishing a baseline, measuring and reporting against the baseline, and deciding whether the baseline needs to be maintained or updated on the basis of an approved change request.3. Status MeetingsThe most common and simple technique is the status meeting. Regular status meetings help to maintain transparency, accountability, and responsibility for small work packages. This tool is also used to manage expectations and ensure information is shared regularly amongst project team members.4. Completion CriteriaUnderstanding what is meant by “done” is very important as what is done for the project team may not be completed according to the client. This helps all the stakeholders to be on the same page when it comes to project deliverables. This helps the team in being productive and avoids ambiguity in status reports.5. ReviewsFor maintaining quality and expectations, reviews can be used for project deliverables. The steps to follow for key deliverables here are review, receive feedback and correct, if required.These reviews can be in the form of design reviews, process reviews, audits, walk throughs, and inspection.6. Milestones and CheckpointsEstablishing checkpoints and milestones to review the project progress , address key issues, and take corrective actions if necessary for keeping the project on track is an important technique for project control. This technique is also useful for the senior management and sponsors of the project to reevaluate their investments in the project and redirect funds if needed.7. Track RequirementsIn order to avoid scope creep or any other changes in the existing scope of the project, a traceability matrix can be used to control the project. A traceability matrix provides a link between the original stated requirements, the final product and the reason this requirement was made.8. Formal Sign OffsThe process of receiving a final go ahead from the client to ensure the project deliverable is accepted and complies with the requirements, is a formal way of controlling the project and ensuring the key stakeholders are engaged regularly about the project progress. 9. Independent QA AuditorIn this technique, an independent Quality Auditor is appointed to monitor the project progress and inspect whether the deliverables meet the criteria and quality agreed upon. This technique can be used to inspect the project deliverables or the project management processes.10. V MethodThe V-method is referred to the technique that uses verification and validation for ensuring the project deliverable is according to the accepted requirements.Examine the top trending  KnowledgeHut's Project Management Courses:PMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Certification TrainingPMI-CAPM CertificationPgMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Foundation CertificationProject Management Masters ProgramPrince2 Agile CertificationPMI-RMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Practitioner CertificationWhat are the Challenges within Project Controls?When projects fail, running behind schedule or exceed the budget, the project control in project management function is most likely to be blamed. However, before assigning the blame, it is important to consider if the project control measures are implemented correctly.Some of the challenges project managers face while implementing project control are mentioned below: Unsupportive Senior Management: When the senior managers of the organization do not support the project control measures or are not as committed to the process, the project control process is not as effective as it could be. The controlling process involves active monitoring and taking corrective actions to keep the project on track, and this means the project manager must be given enough autonomy and authority to make such decisions.Perception: The costs associated with project control are considered as overhead expenses but there is enough evidence to suggest that if implemented correctly, the project control process can help the companies save much more than the cost of project control. Obsolete Processes: The use of manual processes and cumbersome processes to measure the project performance, assess impact on baselined and record any suggested changes, assess and manage associated risks, affects the project control process negatively, as it takes longer to gather all the relevant information to initiate a corrective step. Project Control TemplatesHere are the Project Control templates:Download Project Cost Control Template Download Project Budget Control Template Download Earned Value Management Template Download Project Monitoring and Control Template - Microsoft Excel Download Project Control Report Template - Microsoft Excel | Microsoft Word Download Project Management Quality Control Template - Microsoft Excel | Microsoft Word Project Control ExamplesFinancial controls: This control is used to keep the project budget within prescribed limits. For example, a structured process for approving and accepting vendor payments.Budget Forecasts: Measuring current performance and forecasting the project costs that includes overtime and schedule delay costs. Schedule: Measuring current timelines and forecasting the schedule, while monitoring schedule issues.Scope: Establishing a Change Control Board (CCB) to monitor, control and assess the changes requested for the scope of the project.Quality Assurance (QA): Inspecting the quality of the project deliverables on the basis of standards laid in the project plan. Project Management vs Project ControllingThe fundamental difference between Project Management and Project Controlling is that the former focuses on managing different projects and the latter focuses on ensuring that they are performed as per the plan.The focus of project controlling is around the following domains of a project: Project Scope Project Budget Quality of the Deliverables Project controlling ensures that the project is on track and does not deviate from the project plan. It also includes corrective measures to be adopted to get the project back on track. This, and several other foundational concepts are covered at length in our accredited PMP training offered on our platform. ConclusionProject controlling in project management are key to project success. It ensures that project work is performed in harmony with the project plan and within the constraints of the project. It focuses mainly on increasing the efficiency of resource management of the project. Organizations have realized the importance of project controls in order to deliver projects according to the project plan. Earning your certification and finishing KnowledgeHut's Project Management training are well worth the time and money investment. 

PMP or Project Management courses are highly recommended for students who are pursuing their education in technology, engineering, or management. This certification helps them start their career in project management, which is one of the fastest-growing employment sectors in the world. Project Management jobs in Canada are the most lucrative and offer one of the highest average salaries for their graduates. PMP or Programs in project management help you acquire experiential learning, skills, ethics, industry standards, tools, and techniques.In Canada, the demand for project managers is growing faster. Additionally, a gap analysis shows that the project management-oriented workforce is projected to grow by 33% in his seven project-oriented sectors. When opting for PMP career, a PMP certification must be taken. PMP certification class is considered one of the best to get high salaries.Highest Paying Project Management Jobs in Canada in 2024Let us look at some of the highest-paying Project Management jobs in Canada: 1. Engineering Project Management ProfessionalThis PMP professional directs the execution of engineering projects and manages communication and coordination between the different types of jobs in PMP in Canada for engineers working on the project. Oversee project schedule, budget, and communication with stakeholders. The average Canadian project manager engineer's salary is $111,734 per year or $57.30 per hour.Entry-level positions start at $75,665 per year, but most experienced workers earn up to $137,300 per year.2. Aerospace Project Management ProfessionalManage small development projects, investment projects, or parts of larger projects. Identify PMP job opportunities in Canada to improve project productivity or implement good project management practices. One of the highest salaries under this job profile ranges between $116,500 to $225,500 per year 3. Pharmaceutical Project Management ProfessionalPharmaceutical Project Management Expert A pharmaceutical project manager focuses on resource planning for task distribution. The manager schedules meetings with his account team and stakeholders to set cost budgets. The actual budget is compared with the estimated budget planned by the manager. The national average of Pharmaceutical project management professionals in Canada is $83,940.13. 4. Consulting Project Management ProfessionalProject management consultants act as planners, consultants, and leaders in project management teams to conceptualize and implement solutions related to quality or process improvement. The average Canadian project consultant's salary is $93,543 per year or $47.97 per hour. Entry-level positions start at $80,000 per year, while most experienced workers are $126,750 per year. 5. Mining Project Management ProfessionalManaging projects that change or add facilities or infrastructure (e.g. modernizing runways, building new accommodations, building roads, building new structures in factories, developing new sections of mines, etc.) The average Canadian mining manager's salary is $121,014 per year or $62.06 per hour. 6. Petroleum Project Management ProfessionalPetroleum Project Manager's primary role is to manage cross-functional teams, tight budgets, and schedules, ensure compliance with safety regulations, mitigate risk, and maintain transparency with stakeholders. The national average salary for a Petroleum project manager in Canada is $83,940. 7. Resources Project Management ProfessionalA resource manager is someone who helps with a project management plan and allocates resources for a project. It is his job to determine the organization's resource needs so you can meet your project's staffing needs, assign employees to project tasks, and participate in the recruitment process. The national average salary for a human resources project manager in Canada is $83,940. 8. Managing a PMO OfficeA project management office (PMO) is a team or department that sets and maintains project management standards for the entire organization. The PMO is responsible for creating procedures and best practices that support operations and runs them smoothly, making sure they are completed on time. The average salary of PMO manager in Canada is $99,996 per year or $51.28 per hour.9. Construction Project ManagerThe construction project manager holds a blueprint at the construction site or construction. Often called a general contractor or project manager, he is responsible for overseeing a construction project from start to finish. The average salary for a project manager is C$75744 in Canada. 10. Project Manager ConsultantManage all aspects of the project, including development, planning, strategy, implementation, and evaluation. Project manager consultants also ensure that project outcomes are aligned with organizational goals. They typically conduct multiple pre-planning meetings to allocate project resources. The average salary for a project management consultant in Canada is $81843 per year. 11. PP ManagerA PP Manager monitors the installation, patching, updating, and possibly access of software applications. A PP manager monitors software application performance and alerts administrators when problems occur. The average PP manager salary in Toronto, Ontario, Canada is CA$ 85,242 per year. Below are the salaries offered to PMP professionals in Canada according to job role: Job RoleSalary per annum (in USD)Project Manager 60,000 - 87,000 Senior Level PMP Jobs Canada65,000 - 115,000 Information Technology Director 80,000 - 143,000 Director of Operations 77,000 - 109,000 Program Manager 79,000 - 120,000 Project Manager, Engineering 64,000 - 105,000 Project Coordinator Head of Project Management Average $57,285 per year Average $107,454 per year IT Project Manager Average $113,538 per year Remote/Freelance Project Management Jobs in CanadaYou can get freelancing Project Management jobs in Canada or get into part-time PMP jobs Canada, to gain the necessary experience and expertise in your job profile. Once you have relevant projects in your hand, you can switch to full-time PMP-certified jobs in Canada at one of the top companies in Canada.The national average salary for a freelance Project Manager is $86,592 in remote Project Management jobs in Canada.Temporary/Contract-based Project Management Jobs in CanadaFor a contractual or part-time PMP job, you can earn an average salary in contract basis PMP jobs in Canada of approximately $85,000–$125,000 a year. Then after you move to a full-time PMP job, the average salary you can make is $100,000 per year or $51.28 per hour. Best Cities for PMP Jobs Near CanadaSome of the highest-paying PMP jobs for Indians in Canada for Project Managers are: Toronto, ON  $89,700 per year Vancouver, BC  $86,427 per year Calgary, AB  $84,144 per year Edmonton, AB  $83,519 per year Mississauga, ON  $83,280 per year Ottawa, ON  $82,852 per year Winnipeg, MB  $78,555 per year Burnaby, BC  $76,116 per year Montréal, QC  $75,239 per year Project Management Jobs in Canada Based on ExperienceA PMP in Canada can earn up to approximately $100,000 per year or $51.28 per hour. Entry-level positions start at $92,500 per year, while most experienced workers make up to $142,193 per year. Entry-level - A Project Manager with less than two years of experience makes approximately 80,100 CAD per year. Mid-career - While someone with an experience level between two and five years is expected to earn 105,000 CAD per year, 31% more than someone with less than two years of experience. Experienced- Moving forward, an experience level between five and ten years lands a salary of 147,000 CAD per year, 40% more than someone with two to five years of experience. Late-career- On average, salaries get doubled salaries after 10 years of experience. A project manager with 10 to 15 years of experience earns an annual salary of $176,000, which is 20% higher than a project manager with 10 years of experience. With an experience level of 15 to 20 years, the expected annual salary is $191,000, making him 9% higher than someone with 10 to 15 years of experience.Finally, employees with more than 20 years of experience earn $206,000 a year, which is 8% higher than those with 15 to 20 years of experience. Let us look at how much a PMP can earn based on their years of experience.Years of ExperienceSalary per annum (in USD)< 1 59,000 - 64,000 1-4 60,000 - 71,000 5-9 70,000 - 1,00,000 10-19 90,000 - 121,000 20+ 120,000 - 150,000 Examine the top trending  KnowledgeHut's Project Management CoursesPMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Certification TrainingPMI-CAPM CertificationPgMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Foundation CertificationProject Management Masters ProgramPrince2 Agile CertificationPMI-RMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Practitioner CertificationRequired Skills to Get Project Management Jobs in CanadaTechnical SkillsSoft SkillsMicrosoft Office Suite Excellent Communication PMP Leadership Consulting Team Building Agile Motivation Leadership Communication PowerPoint Influencing Schedules Decision MakingPolitical and Cultural Awareness Negotiation Tools and Software for PMP ProfessionalsTools Network Diagrams Critical Path Method Gantt ChartsProject Evaluation and Review Technique Work Breakdown Structure Software GanttPro- Best for Beginners Teamwork- Best for Client Work Zoho Projects- Best for Small and Growing Teams Celoxis- Best Value LiquidPlanner- Best for Automated Scheduling ProofHub- Best for Proofing Redmine- Best for Open-Source Project Management Smartsheet- Best for Automation Top Cities where Knowledgehut Conduct PMP Certification Training Course OnlinePMP Certification in BangalorePMP Certification in TorontoPMP Certification in DubaiPMP Certification in ChennaiPMP Certification in PunePMP Certification in MumbaiPMP Certification in HyderabadPMP Certification in SydneyPMP Certification in Hong kongPMP Certification in RiyadhPMP Certification in BerlinPMP Certification in LondonPMP Certification in BrisbanePMP Certification in FrankfurtPMP Certification in DelhiPMP Certification in MelbournePMP Certification in DohaPMP Certification in CanadaQualifications for Project Management Jobs in Canada1. Bachelor’s DegreeEarn a bachelor's degree in business administration or business administration. To become a project manager, you must meet certain minimum educational requirements. A minimum high school diploma or college entrance qualification is required to start your career. Many project managers have a bachelor's degree in a field such as business administration or business administration. If you want to specialize in a particular field, such as IT, you may be able to get into that field with a degree in Computer Science. 87% of people working as project managers have a bachelor's degree gain practical experience and acquire skills such as communication and organizational skills. Relevant work experience is essential to be successful as a project manager. You need motivational skills to effectively lead your team, communicate with clients in a timely manner, and keep them informed of project changes. The following skills are used on a daily basis as a project manager for PMP jobs in Canadian cities. Communication Organizational skills and management Crisis management Critical thinking The best way to acquire these skills is to work as an intern for PMP jobs for beginners in Canada. Experience in related fields is also helpful. 2. Project Management CertificationsEarn certifications such as Certified Associate in Project Management. Project managers can earn that can help them access better job opportunities. There are several well-known certifications from well-known organizations and Project Management Institutes. These include: Project Management Professional Certifications-  This qualification is internationally recognized and allows you to work in a variety of fields. To become a certified Project Management Professional, you need a high school diploma, 35 hours of specialized project management education, and 7,500 hours of project management.You will also get 4,500 hours of project leadership, 35 hours of project management training, and a bachelor's degree. Qualifications are offered in areas such as scheduling, business analysis, and risk management. CPMPs are required to earn 60 professional development credits every three years. Certified Associate in Project Management Certifications- To become a Certified Associate in Project Management, you must have at least a high school diploma or associate degree and 23 hours of project management training. This option is available to those who have not met the CPMP certification exam requirements. This will give you the necessary experience in your chosen field of work. 3. Communication SkillsResearch amongst challenge managers shows that PMP professionals should possess some of the key listening skills for jobs for PMP certified professionals in Canada: Active listening Non-verbal exchange Friendliness Trust Respect Open-mindedness Feedback and collaboration These are the pinnacle verbal exchange capabilities for main project groups. Unleash your project management potential with the best PRINCE2 Foundation and Practitioner course. Empower your career now!Top Certifications to Get Project Management Jobs in CanadaSome of the top certifications that will land you some of the most lucrative Project management jobs in Canada are: 1. PMP Certification ClassA mastering route that guarantees fulfillment. You will be trained by PMP experts, and you will be well-prepared to clear your certification with utmost self-assurance with our assured, tried, and examined program. You will be aligned with the best PMP certification exam Content Outline.2. Online PMP Certification in CanadaAccelerate your career in any challenge-associated position with the online PMP certification in Canada, which is also considered the maximum valued certification in PMP challenge control job opportunities for PMP certified professionals in Canada globally. While the PMP examination is taken into consideration, you can complete your education program and work in simulated work-like scenarios to get better hands-on skills and training.3. Best Project Management CertificationsGet certified for a PMP job in Canada and acquire all of the capabilities you need to guide Project groups to fulfillment throughout industries. Get educated through experienced, licensed Project Managers in live, interactive sessions. Master Project Management basics and discover ways to clear key tests easily.You also get to exercise Project Management strategies in simulated work-like scenarios. These certifications are globally identified accreditations that authenticate your project management capabilities 4. KnowledgeHut Project Management CertificationsKnowledgeHut's best PMP certification training gives you enough time to upscale your knowledge and skills along with your full-time job. With this certification, professionals can attain upgraded training, the right expertise in real-life industrial problems, and the right study materials to help them pass your PMP exam on their first attempt. What does a Project Manager do?The project manager is responsible for the overall management of the project from execution to completion. They are responsible for planning, organizing, securing, directing, and managing resources to achieve specific goals in a specific industry or organizational project. Project managers typically work in the industries like Engineering, Construction, Architecture, Telecommunications, and Computing.A PMP certification opens doors to a wide variety of careers. Below are some career choices made by PMP Certified Professionals:Associate Project Manager: This is an entry-level position where you work with other project managers to oversee projects.Assistant Project Manager: These Project Management jobs in Canada for freshers offer the opportunity to work with an experienced project manager to complete tasks and learn the basics of project management.Contract Project Manager: If you worked as a contract project manager, you do not have the same responsibilities as a full-time project manager, and you are required to apply your skills to new situations and work well with strangers.Business Project Manager: This is a corporate position that allows you to work with clients, consult with other business projects, and operate the corporate infrastructure.Information Technology (IT) Project Manager: This position allows you to handle the entire network, including maintaining and building servers, computers, and computer systems.Construction Project Manager: While working as a project manager in the construction industry, you will be expected to oversee construction projects.Project Coordinator: This entry-level position includes planning and organizing to support key project managers focused on lighter tasks.Product Manager: This position focuses on a specific product, such as manufacturing, promotion, and pricing.Software Project Manager: A position similar to the IT Project Manager, but specifically responsible for software updates. In this position, you will be responsible for overseeing the development and improvement of existing and new software.How to Start a Career in PMP in Canada?You can start as a fresher in one of the intern Project Management jobs in Canada. Four years of bachelor’s degree and a minimum of three years of project management experience.Steps to Become a Project ManagerStep 1: Earn a bachelor's degree in Business Administration or Business Administration. Step 2: Acquire practical experience and acquire skills such as communication and organizational skills. Step 3: Earn the best Project Management certifications to have a steady, consistent, and growing career Step 4: Take a project management job (freelance/part-time/full-time) and gather experience Career Scopes of PMP in CanadaThe average annual salary for a Canadian project manager is $140,000 CAD. Salaries range from CAD$71,500 to CAD$216,000 per year, depending on various factors such as level of education, location, and work experience. The scope of project management in Canada is not limited to any particular sector.You can find opportunities in areas such as IT, engineering, healthcare, construction, finance, consulting, manufacturing, and telecommunications. The best places to work as a project manager in Canada are Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia. Below is the table showing various job titles for which you can expect to be hired and their average annual salaries: Job TitleAverage Annual SalaryProject Manager 140,000 CAD Assistant Project Manager 147,000 CAD Project Coordinator 107,000 CAD Project Management Officer 123,000 CAD Head of Projects 176,000 CAD Assistant Operations Manager 154,000 CAD Director of Project Management 183,000 CAD Project Control Manager 180,000 CAD Commercial Project Manager 147,000 CAD Project Portfolio Manager 145,000 CAD ConclusionIn the current market scenario, the demand for project management professionals remains high compared to other occupations. In the United States and Canada, the demand for project management professionals is projected to grow to nearly 700,000 by 2020. That is why we encourage you to get Project Management jobs in Canada and join one of the most sought-after groups of professionals. Professionals earn this credential to add value to their profile and increase their income. So get the right skill, go for KnowledgeHut's PMP prep courses, and boost your salary in Project Management jobs in Canada.

The Project Management Professional (PMP) certification is a widely recognized and valued credential across any industry. Preparing for the PMP certification, especially with a focus on PMP exam questions and answers, has been a mix of excitement and challenge for me. The certification is highly valued across industries, and getting a glimpse of commonly asked questions has been crucial in my preparation for the exam.  In this article, I’ve compiled a list of Project management professional questions and answers for you that will help you understand different question types, how to tackle typical scenario-based, interpretative, and other questions as well as come up with strategies to answer them. Try enrolling in a course for PMP certification - it can further enhance your understanding and preparation for the exam by providing you with comprehensive knowledge and practical experience in project management methodologies and techniques.PMP Exam OverviewThe PMP exam tests the candidates' ability to manage the people, processes, and business priorities of a professional project in a complex and ever-changing environment. Preparing for this prestigious and valued certification entails a good amount of planning, determination, and a focused approach. One of the most effective ways to prepare is by practicing PMP Exam Questions and Answers, which help candidates familiarize themselves with the exam format and the types of questions they will encounter.After the latest revision to the PMP examination, it now has 180 questions (instead of 200), 2 breaks of ten minutes each (instead of 1), and three phases/domains (instead of 5) among a few other changes following the latest exam content outline.PMP Exam Question TypesPassing the PMP certification exam is no mean feat and requires guided preparation to be able to answer the trickiest PMP questions with response choices so closely matching with each other that more than one option may look convincing. The exam content outline published by PMI is the anchoring guide to understanding the PMP exam question types and spread of questions based on the 3 domains - at a quick glimpse one can understand the breadth and depth of the exam as follows. Integrating PMP sample questions and answers into your preparation helps familiarize you with the types of situational and conceptual queries you'll face, enabling more effective exam strategies.People - constitute about 42% of the exam and have questions relating to team leadership, setting up teams, mentoring people, managing conflict, and working in a VUCA environment among othersProcess - constitutes about 50% of the exam and has questions relating to budget management, project methodologies, skills of managing resources, schedules, and changesBusiness priorities - constitutes about 8% of the exam and has questions relating to core business-minded aspects such as compliance, organizational values, and changes, value-delivery mechanism among others.It is important to note that even among the above categorizations and based on the latest ECO, half of the PMP certification exam is based on predictive approaches while the other half is focused on agile/hybrid approaches to project management. Among all of these, the question types of the PMP exam can be knowledge-based, formula-based, situational, or interpretation-based to test the knowledge as well as a practical application of knowledge of the candidate. Consider certification courses for project managers. offered by the PMI and requires passing a rigorous exam that tests knowledge and skills in various project management areas. The course should include PMP exam sample questions, practice exams, interactive exercises, and other learning tools to help students thoroughly prepare for the exam.Top 65 PMP Sample Exam Questions and Answers1. You have just started to plan for a power station project that will generate 6000 Megawatts of power. Numerous stakeholders were involved in the project, and you have identified all of them. Which of the following statements about stakeholders influence on the project is TRUE?Stakeholders ability to influence the final characteristics of the project mostly depends on the type of project.Stakeholders' ability to influence the final characteristics of the project is the same throughout the life cycle of the project.Stakeholder’s ability to influence the final characteristics of the project is lowest at the start of the project and increases as the project moves towards completion.Stakeholder’s ability to influence the final characteristics of the project is highest at the start of the project and reduces as the project moves towards completion.Explanation: Stakeholders ability to influence the final characteristics of the project is highest at the start of the project and reduces as the project moves towards completion.2. After several brainstorming sessions with customers, Jim established various project deliverables in an IT project. Two weeks later, while reviewing the plan, Jim identifies two similar deliverables and determines to merge both of them into a single deliverable. What should Jim do next?Merge the deliverables and inform the customerNone of the aboveSubmit the need to merge to the customerMerge the deliverables but do not inform the customerExplanation: The client should always be informed for any changes in the deliverables.3. Being assigned as a project manager, you noticed during project execution that conflicts arise in the team on both technical and interpersonal levels. What is an appropriate way of handling conflicts?Conflicts distract the team and disrupt the work rhythm. You should always smooth them when they surface.A conflict should be handled in a meeting so that the entire team can participate in finding a solution.Conflicts should be addressed early and usually in private, using a direct, collaborative approach.You should use your coercive power to quickly resolve conflicts and then focus on goal achievement.Explanation: Discussion and dialogue with the project team helps determine the most appropriate way to update and communicate project performance, and to respond to requests from stakeholders for information. Observation and conversation enables the project manager to identify issues within the team, conflicts between people, or individual performance issues.4. _________ are usually not a manifestation of unique organizational cultures and styles.Shared visions, values, norms, beliefs and expectations.Individual traits and attitudes of co-workers.Views of authority relationships.Policies, methods, and procedures.Explanation: Personality refers to the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality characteristics or traits are not always an indication of the broader corporate culture.5. You have just taken over as manager of a project that will create many benefits for the performing organization, but you sense a high level of resistance in various stakeholders right from the start. What is the most appropriate action to resolve the problem?Develop a responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) which clearly shows the responsibility of each stakeholder for the various project activities and who needs to be consulted and informed.Develop an organization diagram, which places each of the stakeholders at an appropriate position inside the project and allows for certain lines of communication while disallowing others.Schedule a meeting with these stakeholders to present the project, discuss and establish ground rules, ensure their involvement and identify initial personal and organizational issues.Do not talk to these stakeholders too much at this time, instead create a "fait de complis", which will later force the stakeholders to support the project due to a lack of alternatives for them.Explanation: Conflict is inevitable in a project environment. Sources of conflict include scarce resources, scheduling priorities, and personal work styles. Team ground rules, group norms, and solid project management practices, like communication planning and role definition, reduce the amount of conflict.6. There are plenty of tools and techniques that project managers can utilize in order to create synergy in a project. Some of these skills cannot be developed by reading a book and must be learned on the job. Project managers need solid communication and negotiation skills primarily because:They must give presentations and briefings to senior management.Getting the best deals from vendors requires these skills.They might be leading a team with no direct control over the individual team members.They must be able to effectively share their technical expertise.Explanation: Many projects are in a matrix environment where the project manager has limited authority over the resources as they are reporting to their functional managers.7. Project human resource management includes numerous "soft" skills that are not easy to learn, and many project managers require additional training or development to effectively schedule and coordinate resources. Human resource planning includes all of the following, except:Team skills analysis.Staff acquisition.Team development.Organizational planning.Explanation: Team skills analysis is not included in the human resource planning. 8. Oliver, a PMP, is working on a project with Trevor without a written agreement. Trevor has put in a lot of hours since his last payment, and suddenly and unexpectedly dies of a heart attack. Trevor's wife comes to Oliver to get the last payment. Oliver refuses, citing he has no legal obligation, because there was no contract. How would you characterize Oliver's behaviour?Unethical and subject to discipline by PMI via C1, stating that Oliver must meet all legal and ethical obligations.Although not nice, Oliver is perfectly within his rights to refuse payment to Trevor's wife.Oliver is a bad person and will get what is coming to him eventually.Oliver is a smart business person. Why pay, when he doesn't have to?Explanation: It is not only the contractual obligations that have to be met but also the ethical ones. 9. You are the Project Manager of ABC project. There was a conflict between two key project members. The three of you meet and decide to use compromise as the conflict resolution technique. Compromise generally leads to:Win - win situationWin - Loose situationLoose - Loose situationNone of theseExplanation: The compromising conflict style is often referred to as the “lose-lose” method. ... Ideally, after compromising on one or more minimal issues, both of the conflicting parties could then agree on the larger issue. This can foster short-term productivity, but it rarely completely solves the underlying problems.10. Most common cause of conflicts in a project is:SchedulesTechnical opinionsPersonal issuesProject prioritiesExplanation: Schedules are considered one of the most common causes of conflict in a project.Examine the top trending  KnowledgeHut's Project Management Courses:PMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Certification TrainingPMI-CAPM CertificationPgMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Foundation CertificationProject Management Masters ProgramPrince2 Agile CertificationPMI-RMP Certification TrainingPrince2 Practitioner Certification11. Leadership in a project environment should demonstrate all of the following characteristics except:The focusing of the efforts of a group of people on achieving a common objective.High levels of respect and trust.The ability to get things done through others.A primary focus on external senior managers and other key stakeholders to ensure the project is a success through managing upwards.Explanation: The best answer is D I Whilst managing upwards (or advising upwards) is a key skill of the project manager, it is not the primary focus of leadership. 12. The management style that cultivates team spirit, rewards good work, and encourages team to realize their potential is:FacilitatingPromotionalConciliatoryAuthoritarianExplanation: Promotional: Cultivates team spirit; rewards good work; encourages subordinates to realize their full potential. 13. A project manager has a problem with a team member's performance. What is best form of communication for addressing this problem?Formal written communication.Formal verbal communication.Informal written communication.Informal verbal communication.Explanation: Informal verbal communication and activities can help in building trust and establishing good working relationships and it is the appropriate approach in this scenario. 14. As a project manager of a large product - you and your team have shipped the deliverables to your customer. However the customer has reported a number of serious issues in the quality of deliverables - as a result of which the cost of quality of your project is deemed high. In this scenario which type of cost would have caused the cost of quality to increase ?Less ReworkHigher productivityLower costsIncreased stakeholder satisfaction.Explanation: Options A , B and C are benefits of meeting Quality Requirements. The question states what has contributed to increased cost of Quality. As the stakeholder is not satisfied with the deliverables, there is rework involved. There is an impact on productivity and increases cost. It also decreases stakeholder satisfaction. So among the choices option D is the correct option.15. You have a team of project managers reporting to you. Recently a new manager relatively inexperienced has joined your team. Considering his level of experience, you assigned him to a small project. Considering low complexity and few stakeholders involved - you envision the project to have no surprises or hiccups. You have identified the number of communication channels to be only 6. However with increase in scope of work 2 additional stakeholders who need to be communicated with join the team. You ask the manager to identify the number of communication channels now. The correct answer is :610815Explanation: The communications channels formula is N * (N-1) / 2 16. Soliciting feedback from stakeholders is important to the success of a project. If the project manager does not include this as part of the project development process, she can encounter plenty of problems later. The process of soliciting feedback and incorporating stakeholder ideas into the project is called:Feedback loopBuy-inProgressive elaborationProject approvalExplanation: Facilitation is the ability to effectively guide a group event to a successful decision, solution, or conclusion. A facilitator ensures that there is effective participation, that participants achieve a mutual understanding, that all contributions are considered, that conclusions or results have full buy-in according to the decision process established for the project, and that the actions and agreements achieved are appropriately dealt with afterward. 17. Which of the following is generally not regarded as one of the three categories of culture that managers should master?National culture Organizational culture Project culture Functional culture Explanation: There are three types of culture that can affect a virtual team: national, organizational, and functional. Each team member brings his or her culture, and, as the team evolves, the unique blend of team members’ national, functional, and organizational cultures create a unique team culture. 18. As a project manager, you must demonstrate transparency regarding:confidential information. proprietary information. distribution of unproven information and gossip. your decision-making processes. Explanation: From PMI code of ethics : 4.2.1 We demonstrate transparency in our decision-making process. 19. To be successful, negotiating must be conducted in an atmosphere of:flexibility and understanding. sincerity and thoughtfulness. mutual respect and cooperation. sincerity and prudent caution. Explanation: Negotiating to achieve mutually acceptable agreements between parties and reduce approval or decision delays is one of the 5 Cs of written communications. 20. The "halo effect" refers to the tendency to:promote from within. hire the best. move people into project management because they are good in their technical fields. move people into project management because they have had project management training. Explanation: The halo effect (sometimes called the halo error) is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, brand or product in one area to positively influence one's opinion or feelings in other areas. 21. Active listening is:Being attentive when the speaker is talking. Asking questions when the speaker is not clear. Both A and B. Neither A nor B. Explanation: Techniques of active listening involve acknowledging, clarifying and confirming, understanding, and removing barriers that adversely affect comprehension. 22. As part of a successful communication, the receiver is responsible for:Making sure the information is clear and complete, understood and acknowledged. Making sure the information is received in its entirety, understood correctly and acknowledged. Making sure the information is clear and complete, understood and agreed with. Listening actively to ensure all of the information is received. Explanation: The receiver's task is to interpret the sender's message, both verbal and nonverbal, with as little distortion as possible. The process of interpreting the message is known as decoding. 23. According to the Tuckman Ladder model, what are the stages of team development?Forming, rejection, regression, acceptance, retry. Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning. Tell, sell, consult, join. Direct, support, coach, delegate. Explanation: One of the models used to describe team development is the Tuckman ladder, which includes five stages of development that teams may go through. Although it is common for these stages to occur in order, it is not uncommon for a team to get stuck in a particular stage or regress to an earlier stage. Projects with team members who worked together in the past might skip a stage. Forming. This phase is where the team members meet and learn about the project and their formal roles and responsibilities. Team members tend to be independent and not as open in this phase. Storming. During this phase, the team begins to address the project work, technical decisions, and the project management approach. If team members are not collaborative or open to differing ideas and perspectives, the environment can become counterproductive. Norming. In this phase, team members begin to work together and adjust their work habits and behaviors to support the team. The team members learn to trust each other. Performing. Teams that reach the performing stage function as a well-organized unit. They are interdependent and work through issues smoothly and effectively. Adjourning. In this phase, the team completes the work and moves on from the project. This typically occurs when staff is released from the project as deliverables are completed or as part of the Close Project or Phase process. 24. Which of the following project phases would result in a majority of updates to the cost, schedule, and scope baselines as a result of change requests?The closing phase.The executing phase.The planning phase.The monitoring and controlling phase.Explanation: Monitor and Control Project Work is the process of tracking, reviewing, and reporting the overall progress to meet the performance objectives defined in the project management plan. The key benefit of this process is that it allows stakeholders to understand the current state of the project, to recognize the actions taken to address any performance issues, and to have visibility into the future project status with cost and schedule forecasts. 25. You, as a project manager, are working with your financial expert to measure the life cycle cost of room cooling equipment to understand the likelihood of success of the product in the market. The life cycle cost is a good measure to know the profitability of a product. Which of the following statements about the life cycle cost is CORRECT?The life cycle cost is equal to the project cost.The life cycle cost is the sum of operational cost and maintenance cost.The life cycle cost is the sum of project cost, maintenance cost, and operational cost.Operational and maintenance costs are deducted from project cost to calculate the life cycle cost.Explanation: Life cycle cost is the cost that is associated with the project from the beginning of the project to the end of its useful life and beyond. It includes the cost of acquiring the project, operating it, and disposing of it at the end of its useful life.26. The project that you are leading is almost at the end of the executing phase. So far, the project budget and schedule are under control and you expect no deviation in the coming weeks. Recent changes to the organizational change management software has triggered a change in the configuration management system of your project. However, you may have to update the project management plan to incorporate those changes. Which of the following statement about changes to the project management plan are correct?The project management plan should be updated only after approval from the sponsor.The project management plan is progressively elaborated until project closure.The project management plan once prepared should not be changed.Any updates to the project management plan must be completed before executing phase of the project.Explanation: The project management plan is developed through a series of integrated processes until project closure. This process results in a project plan that is progressively elaborated by updates and controlled and approved through the Perform Integrated Change Control process.27. The judgmental forecasting methods used to predict the future project performance are based on opinions and probable cost and schedule estimates. Which of the following is NOT an example of a judgmental method?Scenario buildingForecast by analogy.Delphi methodLinear regressionExplanation: n statistics, linear regression is a linear approach for modelling the relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables (also known as dependent and independent variables). It is not related to judgmental methods.28. In a car manufacturing industry because of their unique skills, some key resources do multi-tasking and support more than one activity at a time in different projects. So, a project manager must take their productivity into account when approximating the number of work periods for an activity. Sometimes, the project manager is required to apply more than one resource to one activity to quickly complete that activity. Also, he must take into account that some of the resources work only part-time every day. Many of such factors must be considered while:Creating a work breakdown structure.Creating a project management plan.Defining the activities.Estimating activity durations.Explanation: Estimate Activity Durations is the process of estimating the number of work periods needed to complete individual activities with estimated resources.29. Due to funding related issues, both the buyer and seller have reached a collective agreement and agreed to end the contract in an IT project. Ending a contract using a collective agreement is done during:The close agreements process.The control procurements process.The close project process.The close contract process.Explanation: Control Procurements—The process of managing procurement relationships, monitoring contract performance, making changes and corrections as appropriate, and closing out contracts.30. You are using control charts to perform quality control. Which of these situations does not indicate that the process is out of control and an assignable cause needs to be assigned. Assume that the control limits have been set to three sigma.One of the point is more than the mean + (3*sigma).Two points together are more than mean +(2*sigma), but less than mean + (3*sigma).Seven points together are on one side of the mean.All points within the control limits.Explanation: Three-sigma limits is a statistical calculation where the data are within three standard deviations from a mean. In business applications, three-sigma refers to processes that operate efficiently and produce items of the highest quality.31. You are required to estimate the time to paint a large wall. You know it takes two hours to paint one square foot of wall. The wall has an area of 30 square feet. So, you estimate that it will take 60 hours to paint the wall. Which estimation model are you using?Bottom-upParametricAnalogousExpert judgmentExplanation: Parametric estimating is an estimating technique in which an algorithm is used to calculate cost or duration based on historical data and project parameters. Parametric estimating uses a statistical relationship between historical data and other variables (e.g., square footage in construction) to calculate an estimate for activity parameters, such as cost, budget, and duration. 32. Approximately, what percentage of Project Manager's time is spent on communicating?30%50%70%90%Explanation: Research shows that top project managers spend about 90% of their time on a project in communicating. 33. Any numbering system that is used to monitor project costs by category such as labour, supplies, or materials, for example, is called:Chart of accountsWork breakdown structureUniversal accounting standardStandard accounting practicesExplanation: A chart of accounts (COA) is an index of all the financial accounts in the general ledger of a company. In short, it is an organizational tool that provides a digestible breakdown of all the financial transactions that a company conducted during a specific accounting period, broken down into subcategories.34. A chart of accounts (COA) is an index of all the financial accounts in the general ledger of a company. In short, it is an organizational tool that provides a digestible breakdown of all the financial transactions that a company conducted during a specific accounting period, broken down into subcategories.Parallel algorithmNumber programmingMurder boardDynamic ProgrammingExplanation: In a constrained optimization method, you make complex mathematical calculations to select a project. These mathematical calculations are based on various best and worst case scenarios, and probability of the project outcome. Some of them are murder board, parallel algorithm, number programming etc.35. Which of these is correct with respect to a product developed or a service performed?Bad quality is acceptable, but bad grade is not.Bad grade is acceptable, but bad quality is not.Neither bad grade nor quality is acceptable.Grade and quality are the same thing.Explanation: While a quality level that fails to meet quality, requirements is always a problem, a low-grade product may not be a problem. For example:It may not be a problem if a suitable low-grade product (one with a limited number of features) is of high quality (no obvious defects). In this example, the product would be appropriate for its general purpose of use.It may be a problem if a high-grade product (one with numerous features) is of low quality (many defects). In essence, a high-grade feature set would prove ineffective and/or inefficient due to low quality".36. Your project is in the final test stage, the user acceptance test. It meets all the product specs and is under planned costs. In terms of schedule, this project is ahead. Your customer meets you and requested that he will not accept the product unless you make several changes. What you should do is:Get the list of the changes and estimate all of them. If the total cost is still within the baseline, you just do it.Estimate the costs and send this to your customer requesting contract modification.Ask the customer to file a change request.Sit with the customer to review the product specs and tell him/her that you have completed the project.Explanation: A change request is a formal proposal to modify any document, deliverable, or baseline. In this case, the change control process should be followed and the client.37. Variance/trend analysis is done during:Risk monitoring and control Risk response Risk analysis Risk mitigation plan Explanation: Variance analysis reviews the differences (or variance) between planned and actual performance. This can include duration estimates, cost estimates, resources utilization, resources rates, technical performance, and other metrics. Variance analysis may be conducted in each Knowledge Area based on its particular variables. In Monitor and Control Project Work, the variance analysis reviews the variances from an integrated perspective considering cost, time, technical, and resource variances in relation to each other to get an overall view of variance on the project. This allows for the appropriate preventive or corrective actions to be initiated.38. Who is responsible for identifying and managing risk?Project manager Team membersProject sponsorFunctional managerExplanation: The project manager is responsible for identifying and managing risk39. The review of key deliverables and project performance at the conclusion of a project phase is called:phase exit kill point stage gateall of the above Explanation: A phase gate, is held at the end of a phase. The project’s performance and progress are compared to project and business documents including but not limited to: Project business case, Project charter, Project management plan, and Benefits management plan. A decision (e.g., go/no-go decision) is made as a result of this comparison to: Continue to the next phase, Continue to the next phase with modification, End the project, Remain in the phase, or Repeat the phase or elements of it. Depending on the organization, industry, or type of work, phase gates may be referred to by other terms such as, phase review, stage gate, kill point, and phase entrance or phase exit. 40. Integrated Change Control includes all of the following tools and techniques except:Project management plan updates.Expert judgementMeetingsA change control board to approve or reject changes.Explanation: Tools & Techniques in perform integrated change control:Expert judgment Change control tools Data analysis Alternatives analysis Cost-benefit analysis Decision making Voting Autocratic decision making Multicriteria decision analysis Meetings 41. All of the following are true concerning expected monetary value (EMV) except:Decision tree analysis is more effective using net present values (NPV) in its calculations rather than EMV. The EMV of an opportunity is generally a positive value. EMV is a statistical concept that calculates the average value of a future scenario that may, or may not happen by multiplying the value of each possible outcome by the probability of it occurring and summing the products. The EMV of a threat is generally a negative value. Explanation: The rules for finding the values of the chance and decision nodes are: The value of each chance node is found by multiplying the values of the uncertain alternatives by their probabilities of occurring and sum the results. This value is known as Expected Monetary Value (EMV). 42. A project is considered complete when the:BAC is equal to the PVThe EV is equal to the ACThe PV is equal to the ACThe BAC is equal to the EV Explanation: Budget at Completion (BAC). The sum of all budgets established for the work to be performed. Earned value (EV) is a measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorized for that work. It is the budget associated with the authorized work that has been completed.43. Management reserve is for:Unknown unknownsby cost budgetBoth A and BNeither A nor B Explanation: Management reserves are a specified amount of the project budget withheld for management control purposes and are reserved for unforeseen work that is within scope of the project. Management reserves are intended to address the unknown-unknowns that can affect a project. 44. A project manager would like to manage his project in such a way that he will be able to identify specific tasks that should be watched and managed more closely than others. The project manager should use which method?The PERT methodThe critical path methodThe GERT methodThe PCDM method Explanation: The critical path method is used to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the amount of schedule flexibility on the logical network paths within the schedule model 45. Which of the following is not a Risk Identification tool or technique ?Risk RegisterDocumentation ReviewsBrainstormingInterviewing Explanation: Identify Risks: Tools and Techniques: Expert judgement, Data Gathering (Brainstorming, Checklists, Interviews), Data Analysis (Root cause analysis, Assumption and constraint analysis, SWOT analysis, Document analysis) Interpersonal and team skills, Promt lists, Meetings 46. You are a project manager leading a cross-functional project team in a weak matrix environment. None of your project team members report to you functionally and you do not have the ability to directly reward their performance. The project is difficult, involving tight date constraints and challenging quality standards. Which of the following types of project management power will likely be the most effective in this circumstance?ReferentExpertPenaltyFormal Explanation: There are numerous forms of power at the disposal of project managers. Power and its use can be complex given its nature and the various factors at play in a project. Various forms of power include but are not limited to: Positional (sometimes called formal, authoritative, legitimate) (e.g., formal position granted in the organization or team); Informational (e.g., control of gathering or distribution); Referent (e.g., respect or admiration others hold for the individual, credibility gained); Situational (e.g., gained due to unique situation such as a specific crisis); Personal or charismatic (e.g., charm, attraction); Relational (e.g., participates in networking, connections, and alliances); Expert (e.g., skill, information possessed; experience, training, education, certification); Reward-oriented (e.g., ability to give praise, monetary or other desired items); Punitive or coercive (e.g., ability to invoke discipline or negative consequences); Ingratiating (e.g., application of flattery or other common ground to win favor or cooperation); Pressure-based (e.g., limit freedom of choice or movement for the purpose of gaining compliance to desired action); Guilt-based (e.g., imposition of obligation or sense of duty); Persuasive (e.g., ability to provide arguments that move people to a desired course of action); And Avoiding (e.g., refusing to participate). 47. What percentage of the total distribution are 3 Sigma from the mean equal to?68.26%99.99%95.46%99.73% Explanation: Common probability dictates that 99.73% of all outcomes will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean (above or below); this is Three Sigma 48. A project manager holds the first risk meeting of the project team. The client is present at the meeting . At the meeting several risks are identified and assigned to members of the project team for evaluation and quantification. The result of the meeting is:Expected value of the risk events. Strategies for the risk events.A list of potential risk events.General statements about risks for the project. Explanation: Identify Risks is the process of identifying individual project risks as well as sources of overall project risk, and documenting their characteristics. The primary output of this process is the risk register which is a document that records all of the organisation's identified risks, the likelihood and consequences of a risk occurring and the actions to be taken to reduce the impact of those risks. 49. In the Monte Carlo technique, what is the criticality index?The number of days the project will be late divided by the project duration.The percent of time a given activity will be on the critical path.The percent of time an activity will be late.The sum of the duration of the critical path activities divided by the project expected value for duration. Explanation: For a quantitative schedule risk analysis, it is also possible to conduct a criticality analysis that determines which elements of the risk model have the greatest effect on the project critical path. A criticality index is calculated for each element in the risk model, which gives the frequency with which that element appears on the critical path during the simulation, usually expressed as a percentage. The output from a criticality analysis allows the project team to focus risk response planning efforts on those activities with the highest potential effect on the overall schedule performance of the project. 50. During project execution you found out that work is often not performed at the right time and in the right order. Deliverables are made by one team member that cannot be processed by another one. This already leads to timely rework and bad morale among team members. Which project management tool is most appropriate to deal with problems like this?Organization chart.RACI matrix. Communications management plan.Work authorization system. Explanation: The PMBOK defines a work authorization system as "a collection of formal documented procedures that defines how project work will be authorized to ensure the work is done by the identified organization, at the right time, and in the proper sequence." This is most often a written authorization to begin a specific activity or work package that is part of the project plan. 51. You are in charge of a large software development project. As a part of the project schedule - it was planned to complete two core components by the end of October. You are now in August and you realize that the project is falling behind schedule. You do a quick review and decide that the schedule can be met by adding additional staff to the activities on the critical path. This is an example of :Fast TrackingResource LevellingCrashingScope Creep Explanation: Crashing. A technique used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental cost by adding resources. Examples of crashing include approving overtime, bringing in additional resources, or paying to expedite delivery to activities on the critical path. Crashing works only for activities on the critical path where additional resources will shorten the activity's duration. Crashing does not always produce a viable alternative and may result in increased risk and/or cost. 52. A system development project is nearing project closing when a previously unidentified risk is discovered. This could potentially affect the project's overall ability to deliver. What should be done next?Alert the project sponsor of potential impacts to cost, scope or schedule.Qualify the risk.Mitigate this risk by developing a risk response plan.Develop a workaround. Explanation: Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis is the process of prioritizing individual project risks for further analysis or action by assessing their probability of occurrence and impact as well as other characteristics. The key benefit of this process is that it focuses efforts on high-priority risks. This process is performed throughout the project and usually after the identification of the risk. 53. Given a project which reports a CPI less than 1 - you have asked one of your managers to generate the TCPI - what formula should the project manager use in this case ?( BAC - EV ) / ( BAC - AC )( BAC - EV ) / ( EAC - AC )EV / ACEV / PV Explanation: The TCPI to bring the project in on the BAC is the ratio of the value of the remaining project work, per PMI's definition [BAC minus earned value (EV)], all divided by the amount of the remaining funds [BAC minus actual cost (AC)]. This formula works out to be: TCPI = (BAC – EV) ÷ (BAC – AC). 54. You are managing a project that is responsible for setting up an alcohol distillery. Your team is in its eighth month of execution. One of the vendors informs you that the agitators delivery is going to be delayed by a week .You look up the project management plan and the schedule baselines and decide to set up all the reactors first. Based on your analysis by moving tasks around you see that there would be no impact to any of the performance measurement baselines. What should you do next ?Go ahead and execute the rescheduled tasks as there is no impact to any of the baselines.Write up a change request and submit to change control for approval.Analyze the impact of the change to the triple constraints and then submit a change request.Do nothing as this would cause changes to the baselines. Explanation: Since there is no impact to baselines, the project manager can proceed and execute the rescheduled tasks. 55. A work breakdown structure, a status report, and a responsibility assignment matrix are frequently used throughout a project. However, their usage might be iterative. These are examples of:Project Management toolsWork productsMilestonesDeliverables Explanation: Deliverables are the quantifiable goods or services that need to be provided at the various steps of a project as well as at the end of a project. 56. You are managing a project related to building a skyscraper. However as per regulations no work can be started till the government body has approved and provided necessary clearance. This is an example of what kind of dependency?Mandatory DependencyHard LogicDiscretionary DependencyExternal Dependency Explanation: External dependencies involve a relationship between project activities and non-project activities. These dependencies are usually outside of the project team's control. For example, the testing activity in a software project may be dependent on the delivery of hardware from an external source, or governmental environmental hearings may need to be held before site preparation can begin on a construction project. The project management team determines which dependencies are external during the process of sequencing the activities. 57. A project was assessed and the following earned value data have been found: PV: $750,000 EV: $750,000 AC: $900,000 What is the burn rate of the project?1.2 1.110.83 Explanation: CPI =750000/900000 =0.833 Burn rate is Inverse of CPI (1/.833=1.20) 58. The three major causes of change on a project are:Replacement of the project manager or key project team members; changes in priorities by senior management; and contractual difficulties.Changes in the relative importance of time, resources, or cost ; new knowledge about the deliverable; and technological uncertainty.Errors in the initial assessment of how to achieve the goal of the project; new information about the project deliverable; and a new mandate.Unavailability of resources promised by the functional managers; cost overruns; and changes in customer requirements. Explanation: Errors in the initial assessment of how to achieve the goal of the project; new information about the project deliverable; and a new mandate are considered three major causes of change on a project. 59. Rita is managing a project with an estimated budget at completion of $500,000. Her team should have completed 40% of the work by now according to the schedule. However, at the last status meeting, the team reported that 35% of the work has actually been completed. The team has already spent $225,000 so far on the project. As a supervisor to Rita's project how would you BEST describe the project?The project is ahead of schedule and over its budgetThe project is behind schedule and over its budgetThe project is behind schedule and within its budgetThe project is ahead of schedule and within its budget Explanation: C is correct because SPI<1 & CPI<1. 60. Erin has identified an opportunity to potentially increase her project's value. Which of the following is an example of enhancing that opportunity?By taking additional proactive actions so that she is not in unforeseen troubleBy taking out insurance from a company so that potential costs can be reducedBy providing copyright statements so that materials or the final product of the project is not misused By forming a complementary partnership with another company so that the project's value is increased Explanation: The enhance strategy is used to increase the probability and/or impact of an opportunity. Early enhancement action is often more effective than trying to improve the benefit after the opportunity has occurred. The probability of occurrence of an opportunity may be increased by focusing attention on its causes. Where it is not possible to increase probability, an enhancement response might increase the impact by targeting factors that drive the size of the potential benefit. Examples of enhancing opportunities include adding more resources to an activity to finish early. 61. Which of the following is a hygiene factor according to Herzberg's Motivation theory?SalaryResponsibilityRecognition and rewardsPromotions Explanation: Herzberg called the causes of dissatisfaction "hygiene factors." To get rid of them, you need to ensure that wages are competitive. 62. Successfully communicating technical concepts to another team member in a different country involves encoding, decoding and feedback. The lesser is the noise the more meaningful will be the message. But, the most efficient way of communication that ensures common understanding between participants is known as:Interactive communicationPush communication Pull communicationPersonal communication Explanation: Interactive communication is the most effective type of communication between two or more people in real time. It is a face to face communication type in which the project manager can receive direct feedback from the project team or stakeholders to understand their thoughts and provides them his ideas. 63. A key customer criticizes your project decision that has caused $20,000 loss to his division. He wants to remove you from the project and replace you with a new project manager. If you certainly know that the loss is not due to your decision, what should you do?Ask your senior manager to resolve this issueConduct a meeting with the sponsor and the customerConduct a stakeholder meeting to gain the support of other stakeholdersUse a direct and collaborative approach to explain to the stakeholder Explanation: Conflict should be addressed early, usually in private, using a direct, collaborative approach. 64. The highest point of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is:Physiological satisfactionAttainment of survivalNeed for associationSelf actualization Explanation: Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual’s behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Self-actualization needs: Self-actualization describes the fulfillment of your full potential as a person and sits at the highest point of hierarchy 65. You are the Project Manager of a project involving building a computer. Your team members follow what you tell them because you have the authority to provide negative feedback in their performance appraisal. This is an example of what type of power?CoerciveReferentFormalReward Explanation: Coercive power is a formal power source, where influencing agents use the threat of force to gain compliance from targets of influence. The force can include social, emotional, physical, political, or economic means, and is not always recognized by the target. All the above PMP exam questions with answers will help you prepare for the exam in the best possible way and will also help building your confident.Unleash your potential with Agile Management! Join our agile certificate programs and guide your team towards triumph.Strategies to Choose the Best Answer on PMP Exam QuestionsWhile there is no one-size-fits-all approach to the PMP exam, here are some useful tips and techniques that a candidate can employ to ensure selecting the right choice for PMP Exam Questions and Answers. Follow the elimination technique first to eliminate the wrong choices and zero down to the correct choice Focus on the answer based on PMBOK and not your real-time experience (i.e., answer the questions keeping the PMBOK in mind) Understand question types - out of the 4 question types, you should be able to ascertain what question type is being asked to understand and answer correctly For lengthy questions, read the last concluding question line and read the answers (PMI provides lengthy questions with text which may not be relevant so skim through and focus on the actual ask in the question) Choices that have absolute words such as all, everything, every time, never, none, only, etc. are most likely not the correct ones For formula-based question types - first, perform calculations while reading the question to get the figure in mind and then see the choices - will help eliminate wrong and confusing choices Use the review flag to skip and review or come back to questions after you have completed answering all of them once Finally, guessing an answer by your intuition can also yield the right answer as there is no negative marking but you have a chance to score if the guess is right. ConclusionPMP certification is a powerful credential that can open new opportunities and avenues to launch your career way ahead of the competition. The focus of this exam is not only based on your knowledge and skill but also on the psychological and physical stamina of the candidate to sit in this 4-hour examination and answer 180 questions in succession based on a lot of theoretical content, terminology, and situational scenarios. Incorporating PMP Exam Questions and Answers into your preparation strategy will help you become familiar with the types of scenarios you will face. Following the top questions asked and getting the context of types of questions will help you differentiate as well as be better prepared to handle such questions.Finally, like any other examination, practice is of paramount importance, and answering different types of questions in the practice/simulated tests will be helpful during the actual exam. We wish you all the best in your preparation and hope you can use KnowledgeHut's PMP exam prep training and resources to go above and beyond in your preparation for the PMP exam to pass out with flying colors.