Ethical Hacking Interview Questions and Answers for 2025

Computer forensics refers to the process of gathering and storing evidence from a specific computing device in a format that is appropriate for presentation in a legal proceeding. This process involves the use of investigation and analytical methods. The purpose of doing computer forensics is to carry out an organised investigation and keep a recorded chain of evidence in order to determine precisely what occurred on a computing device and who was accountable for it.

A common yet one of the most important ethical hacking interview questions for experienced, don't miss this one.

The procedure of doing penetration tests is an integral part of the management of information security. Testing for unauthorized access, usage, disclosure, or disturbance of computer systems or data is referred to as penetrating testing. This testing is intended to detect vulnerabilities and evaluate the level of risk caused by unauthorized access. The term "mitigating software vulnerabilities" refers to the activities that may be taken to prevent unauthorized users from getting access to protected networks, stealing sensitive information, or breaking into a computer system. A system vulnerability is an unidentified problem in a computer system that allows unauthorized individuals access to secret information or the capacity to control or destroy the guarded realm. System vulnerabilities may be exploited by hackers to get these abilities. In this context, the term "information" refers to knowledge that is put to beneficial use.

An "evil twin" or "AP Masquerading" is a duplicate or look-alike person or computer programme that a hacker may employ to attack another person or organization. In general, these terms relate to what are known as "evil twins" or "AP Masquerading." In order to accomplish their objectives, organizations will frequently make use of the "AP" systems and infrastructure provided by other businesses. The phrase "access point" is another term that may be used to describe. It is possible to perform reconnaissance with APs or evil twins, as well as create a foothold in a network, acquire secrets, or launch cyber assaults using these tools.  

The phrase "coWPAtty" is used by certain persons in the realm of ethical hacking to denote an easy target; however, there is no true connection between the two. Systems or networks that are not secured with typical security procedures and have poor degrees of protection are referred to as coWPAtties. Systems on which coWPAtties occur can be found anywhere – at home, work, or even in public places such as airports and restaurants.  

There are many different motivations for an assault on a system:  

• Because they lack even the most basic firewalls, unprotected servers may leave their users vulnerable online.  
• Some companies wilfully ignore the fact that they are using obsolete versions of software or passwords that are not safe.  

The recovery point goal, abbreviated as RPO, concerns the frequency of backups. In contrast, the recovery time objective, abbreviated RTO, involves the time required for a full recovery. In addition, RPO and RTO can evaluate the extent to which a system outage will affect company activities while the outage is in progress.  

RPO measures how frequently backups are taken and indicates the amount of data that will be lost or need to be re-entered after an outage. RPO is a measure of how frequently backups are taken. On the other hand, RTO refers to the amount of unplanned downtime a company may tolerate. It estimates how long it could take for a system to get back up and running following an interruption in business operations. 

How can hacking be ethical? The use of this word began around the time that some amateur hackers began assisting corporations in locating weaknesses in their networks. The demand is so high, in fact, that it has been elevated to the status of a full-time position inside the security departments. When a network or system is attacked by an ethical hacker, it is because the owners of the network have given them permission to do so. After he has located the weak points, he will then work to strengthen them.

Logging and monitoring provide raw data that helps to identify possible threats. This happens when the system administration looks deeply into the data and identifies unusual patterns. These processes act as pillars that are the foundation for a robust security framework. 

In case of security incidents or data loss in a system, logging and monitoring help find the actual cause for any failure. However, sometimes it is not possible to dig deeper into the problem and track things because there are no monitoring logs. 

It is essential to have functional logging and monitoring systems, as they provide logs and information to give timely alerts to the system if any malfunction or error occurs. This protects the system from further damage. 

However, these issues do not frequently cause any vulnerability. Logging and monitoring become especially important in tracing back when the system shows any abnormal behavior. Their failure or absence highly impacts transparency, visibility, and incident alerting. 

If the system does not maintain any logging mechanism, or these mechanisms fail, there is no audit trail for events and security analysis. Therefore, attackers can keep damaging our system because their identity and method of attacking cannot be easily determined. 

DNS cache poisoning is a method that redirects internet traffic away from authentic servers and towards fraudulent ones by exploiting weaknesses in the DNS (domain name system). DNS spoofing is another name for this practice.

One of the most frequently posed scenario based ethical hacking interview questions and answers, be ready for this conceptual question.

Technology based on steganography is utilized in the process of system hacking for a variety of purposes, including the concealment of harmful files, the creation of viruses, and the creation of havoc by changing the content of documents that appear to be contaminated. The following is a list of the various types of steganographic technology available:

1. Network Steganography 
2. Audio Steganography 
3. Video Steganography 
4. Image Steganography

The process of exploiting a bug, a design defect, or a configuration oversight in an operating system or software programme to acquire elevated access to resources that are typically protected from an application or user is referred to as privilege escalation. As a consequence of this, an application that has been granted more rights than the application developer or the system administrator intended for it is able to carry out unlawful operations.

A rootkit is a form of malicious software that conceals itself to avoid being discovered by the safety mechanisms of an operating system. Rootkits have been utilized for many years in order to covertly install malicious software on computers without the knowledge or agreement of the user.

Rooting and uninstalling a rootkit are the two most crucial preventative actions that need to be carried out in order to safeguard the integrity of the computer system. 

It is a form of bolstering the security of the system. It entails deploying patches as well as other sophisticated system security methods in order to safeguard the server's operating system. One of the most efficient ways to toughen up the operating system is to set it up so that it will automatically install updates, patches, and service packs.

Given that an operating system is a kind of software, "hardening" an OS is analogous to "hardening" an application. The hardening of the operating system offers the fundamental software that enables the apps in question to participate in the desired activities on the server.

The creators of operating systems often do a decent job of delivering OS updates and urging users of Microsoft, Linux, and iOS to install them when new versions are released. These frequent upgrades can assist in maintaining the security of your system and increasing its resistance to cyberattacks. 

Foot printing means gathering information about a target system that can be used to execute a successful cyber-attack. To get this information, a hacker might use various methods with variant tools. This information is the first road for the hacker to crack a system. There are two types of Foot printing as following below.

• Active Foot printing: Active Foot printing means performing foot printing by getting in direct touch with the target machine.
• Passive Foot printing: Passive foot printing means collecting information about a system located at a remote distance from the attacker.

An SQL injection is a specific kind of injection attack that causes a web application's database server to be taken under the attacker's control by executing malicious SQL queries.

The majority of these assaults are directed on websites that were built with either ASP.NET or PHP.

These assaults may be carried out with any one of the following goals in mind:

• in order to carry out the many questions that are prohibited on the application.
• To make changes to the information included in the database
• to copy all of the database information from the system.
• Input validation and parameterized queries, including prepared statements, are the only defences against a SQL injection attack that are effective. Never should the source code of the programme make direct use of the input.

XML external entity injection, or XXE for short, is a flaw in online security that allows an attacker to interfere with an application's processing of XML data. This flaw is also known as the XML external entity injection vulnerability. An attacker is frequently granted the ability to examine files located on the disc of the application server and to communicate with any back-end or external systems that the programme itself may access.

An attacker can escalate a XXE attack to compromise the underlying server or other back-end infrastructure in certain circumstances by leveraging the XXE vulnerability to perform server-side request forgery (SSRF) attacks. This can be done by exploiting the XXE vulnerability to perform server-side request forgery attacks. 

A distributed denial of service, often known as DDoS, is a sort of denial of service assault in which several systems, each of which is infected with a trojan, target a single system in order to launch a denial of service attack on it. The targeted site is inundated with traffic from various servers and Internet connections during a DDoS attack. When you hear that a website has been taken offline, it almost always indicates that it was the target of a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) assault. This indicates that the hackers have successfully attacked your website or computer by flooding them with a large volume of traffic. As a result, the website or computer will crash as a result of the overburden.  

There are three distinct forms of distributed denial of service attacks:

• Attacks that are Based on Volume: 

Attacks of this type are also sometimes referred to as Layer3 and 4 attacks. The attacker will attempt to use up all of the available bandwidth on the target website at this stage of the attack.

• Attacks against the Protocol: 

These assaults are quantified in terms of packets per second, and they target both the physical server resources as well as additional components such as load balancers and firewalls.

• Attacks on the Application Layer: 

It encompasses the zero-day DDoS assaults, Slowloris, and other similar programmes that target vulnerabilities in Windows, Apache, or OpenBSD, amongst other systems. Requests per second is the unit used to quantify this.

Pharming is a fraudulent practice in which legitimate website traffic is manipulated to direct users to fake look-alikes that will steal personal data such as passwords or financial details or install malicious software on the visitor's computer. This practice is also known as "drive-by downloading."

The following are some of how pharming assaults might be avoided:

Install a powerful antivirus programme on your computer to identify and get rid of any malware that causes your computer to be redirected to hazardous websites. 

A particular variety of message authentication code (MAC), referred to as HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code), is comprised of a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. HMAC is sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code. It is possible to use it to validate simultaneously the data integrity and the validity of a message, similar to how any MAC may be used.

Instead of utilizing digital signatures with asymmetric cryptography, HMAC can enable authentication by utilizing a shared secret between the parties. Delegating the key exchange to the parties that are communicating eliminates the requirement for a complicated public key infrastructure. The communicating parties are then responsible for establishing and utilizing a trusted channel in order to agree on the key prior to communicating with one another. 

In a broader sense, the phrase "sniffing" refers to the process of investigating something discreetly in order to discover private information. Sniffing is a term that is used in the context of information security and refers to the process of tapping into traffic or redirecting traffic to a target so that it may be observed, analysed, and collected. Sniffing is often carried out with the goals of analysing the utilisation of the network, resolving problems with the network, and monitoring sessions for the purposes of development and testing.  

One of the most frequently posed scenario based ethical hacking interview questions and answers, be ready for this conceptual question.

A hacker will go through a series of actions in order to delete any traces of their hacking activities and mask their digital footprints. These stages include: Eliminating any traces of malware or information that was stolen during the assault is one of the most crucial procedures to do. In the event that hacking tools such as sniffers, password crackers, and keyloggers were utilized during the assault, it is imperative that these programmes be removed.

Trash diving is the activity of acquiring information, computer data, or other secret material by looking through rubbish receptacles that are not meant for public access. Dumpsters are typically located in areas that are not open to the general public. Dumpster diving can be done either legally or criminally depending on the circumstances. On the other hand, the vast majority of times it is done illegally. Dumpsters are frequently positioned in the vicinity of places of business in order to collect waste products that have been abandoned by customers and workers who have been unable to take their possessions with them when they leave the place of business.

The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is what this organization is called. The Open Online Application Security Project (OWASP) is a community-driven non-profit organization that focuses on strengthening the safety of web applications. The group has a detailed database of vulnerabilities and assaults, and it publishes advisories rather regularly in order to provide developers with information on specific security risks.

There are a large number of vulnerabilities that are less often exploited, in addition to the Top 10 online vulnerabilities, which are some of the most widely exploited vulnerabilities on the web. The following list contains the top 10 potential weaknesses:

• Deficiencies in the Access Control
• Failure Injection in Cryptographic Systems
• Unsafe Construction Poorly Configured Safety Measures
• Components That Are Both Vulnerable And Obsolete
• Failed Attempts at Authentication and Identification
• Integrity of both software and data Failure
• Errors in the Security Logging and Monitoring System
• Server-Side Request Forgery
• More information may be found in the article titled "OWASP Top 10 Vulnerabilities and Preventions," which can be found here. 

An intrusion detection system, often known as an IDS, is a type of computer security technology used in the field of cybersecurity. It monitors an organization's networks in order to identify any illegal activity. The information security safeguards can be circumvented or rendered ineffective through the use of evasion tactics. Here are some intrusion detection systems and evasion techniques:  

• The fragmentation of packets  
• Manipulation of the Source Routing and Source Ports  
• IP address spoofing  
• Concealment of the IP Address Customization of Packets  
• Changing the order in which hosts send bad checksums by randomising the order.  

This, along with other interview questions on ethical hacking, is a regular feature in ethical hacking interviews, be ready to tackle it with the approach mentioned below.

The Blowfish algorithm family is a particular subset of the larger category of cryptography algorithms. These algorithms are employed in low-level cryptographic applications, such as safeguarding the confidentiality and integrity of data while it is being transmitted over an unsecured channel. One example of such an application is protecting data while it is being transferred over an unsecured channel. The Blowfish algorithm makes use of a 64-bit block cypher that runs on 8 rounds of keys that are each created using a different polyalphabetic function with a high probability. The Blowfish algorithm is a substitution cypher, which derives its name from the algorithm. A substitution cypher is a type of encryption in which each letter of the alphabet is changed to a new symbol. This ensures that each letter only appears once in the message. 

A staple in ethical hacker interview questions and answers for experienced, be prepared to answer this one using your hands-on experience.

Ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts data in order to keep it hostage for financial gain. The sensitive data of a person or organization is encrypted, rendering it impossible for them to access the associated files, databases, or apps. The payment of a ransom is then required in order to regain access. It is common practice for ransomware to be designed to propagate itself over a network and to target database and file servers; as a result, it has the potential to swiftly render an entire corporation inoperable. It is a growing issue that results in payments of billions of dollars being made to hackers and causes major harm to businesses as well as substantial expenditures for governmental agencies.

Asymmetric encryption is utilized by ransomware. The process of encrypting and decrypting a file involves this form of cryptography, which requires a pair of keys. The adversary generates a one-of-a-kind pair of public and private keys exclusively for the victim, with the private key serving as a means to decrypt any files that are kept on the adversary's server. It is only after the victim has paid the ransom that the attacker will give them access to the victim's private key; but, as recent ransomware operations have shown, this is not always the case. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to decrypt the data that are being held for ransom if one does not have access to the private key.

There are many different flavors of ransomware. Email spamming campaigns and targeted assaults are common vectors via which ransomware and other forms of malware are disseminated. In order for malware to establish its presence on an endpoint, an attack vector is required. Once it has established its presence on the system, malware will remain there until its mission has been completed.

After an exploit has been successfully carried out, ransomware will next drop and run a malicious payload on the machine that has been compromised. This programme will then search for and encrypt valuable files, such as those created in Microsoft Word, photos, databases, and so forth. The ransomware could also take advantage of flaws in the system or the network in order to propagate to other systems and perhaps even across whole businesses.

After the files have been encrypted, ransomware will notify the user that they must pay a ransom within 24 to 48 hours in order to recover the data; else, the contents would be deleted permanently. In the event that a data backup cannot be accessed or if the backups themselves have been encrypted, the victim will be forced to pay the ransom in order to decrypt their personal files. 

There is a wide variety of switches available for use in networking; however, some of these switches have certain constraints. Bypassing the constraints imposed by switches is one way to improve the performance of a network and boost its usage of bandwidth. Switches with bypass capabilities can be purchased as independent equipment, or alternatively, they can be incorporated into a Network Management System (NMS). Bypassing the constraints of the switch can result in a number of advantageous outcomes. A greater level of system performance is attainable through the utilization of the switch if it is typical constraints are circumvented. For instance, a bypass switch that can switch AC currents at a maximum of 1000 amps may also be used to switch DC currents at a greater voltage. This is because AC currents and DC currents have opposite phases. This has the potential to significantly increase both the reliability and performance of the system.