What Are The Types of Keys in DBMS? Examples, Usage, and Benefits

What’s a Super Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

A super key is a collection of one or more columns that can identify every row in a table without confusion. It may include extra columns that are not strictly necessary for uniqueness, but any row that matches all the columns in the super key is guaranteed to be one of a kind. 

This differs from a candidate key, which is also unique but contains no redundant attributes.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• Assume there is a ‘Students table’ that stores registration data.
• A single column like StudentID can uniquely identify rows, and combining StudentID with other columns (such as Email or ContactNumber) also forms a super key.
• A super key does not have to be minimal. That is why StudentID + Email is still a valid super key, even if StudentID already does the job by itself.

Below is a sample table that stores basic student information:

Examples of Super Key in Relational Database

• (StudentID + Email) in a Students table, where StudentID is already unique, but including Email still maintains uniqueness.
• (EmployeeID + DepartmentID) in an Employees table, even if EmployeeID alone identifies rows, that extra department column does not break uniqueness.
• (ProductCode + BatchNumber) in an Inventory table, which ensures each product-batch pair is distinct.

Importance of Super Key

• Guarantees Uniqueness: Every row is always distinct as long as it matches the super key attributes.
• Supports Flexible Design: Extra columns in the key allow more detailed queries, even if only one column was needed for uniqueness.
• Eases Data Validation: Insertion of a record by duplicating every super key column is not allowed, which helps maintain clean data.
• Forms a Base for Candidate Keys: A candidate key comes from a super key once any unnecessary attributes are removed.

What’s a Primary Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

A primary key is the minimal set of columns that pinpoint a row in a table. It does not allow duplicates or empty values, which makes it the firmest boundary, preventing confusion between records. This key is the preferred choice for queries that count on accurate and immediate results.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• Picture a ‘Books table’ holding details such as BookID, Title, Author, and Price.
• You can assign BookID as the primary key.
• When you insert or update entries, BookID guarantees each book is distinct, avoiding any messy overlaps.

Below is a sample table for your reference:

Examples of a Primary Key in Relational Database

• StudentID in a Students table
• EmployeeNumber in an Employees table
• OrderID in an Orders table

Rules for Primary Keys in DBMS

• No duplicates: You cannot repeat the same primary key value across rows.
• No null values: A primary key field must always contain data.
• Minimal attributes: It should include only the columns you need for unique identification.
• One per table: You cannot define two primary keys in the same table.

Primary Key Operations

• Creation: You assign a primary key when you create a table or alter its structure later.
• Modification: If you need to change it, you must remove it and set up a new primary key.
• Deletion: You drop it through an ALTER statement if you want to pick a different primary key.

Importance of Primary Key

• Clear identification: Ensures no two rows share the same value, keeping data unambiguous.
• Foundation for relationships: Other tables can safely use it as a reference, making linkages more reliable.
• Streamlined queries: Speeds up lookups because the database knows each key is distinct.
• Stable integrity: Protects your table from duplicates or confusion, strengthening the overall data structure.

Did you know? Any column already unique enough to be a primary key automatically qualifies as a super key. However, the reverse might not always be true because a super key can hold extra columns that aren’t strictly needed for identifying a row.

What’s a Candidate Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

A candidate key is a minimal group of columns that guarantee a row’s uniqueness in a table. Unlike a super key, which can hold extra columns that aren’t required for uniqueness, a candidate key includes only what’s strictly necessary. 

You may find several candidate keys in a single table, but each one meets the same standard: no duplicates and no extra fields that could be removed without losing uniqueness.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• Imagine a ‘Flights table’ that stores FlightNumber, DepartureTime, ArrivalTime, and GateNumber.
• You might see that FlightNumber by itself is enough to identify any row uniquely.
• If your airline system generates special IDs, then FlightID might also qualify as a distinct marker.

Below is a sample table that highlights these columns:

Examples of Candidate Key in Relational Database

• (Email) in a Users table, assuming no one shares the same email
• (PhoneNumber) in a Contacts table, if it remains unique for each row
• (FlightID) in an airline’s flight details table

Rules for Candidate Keys in DBMS

• Minimal attributes: Only the columns needed for uniqueness should be part of the candidate key
• No duplicates: Every candidate key combination must be distinct in each row
• No nulls: Usually, these columns should be filled so they can keep each record separate
• Multiple possibilities: A table can hold more than one candidate key

Candidate Key Operations

• Definition: You can declare a column or set of columns as unique when creating or altering a table
• Change: If you switch a candidate key, you must ensure it still meets the uniqueness requirement
• Removal: Dropping a candidate key is possible through an ALTER statement, although you must confirm another valid candidate key remains

Importance of Candidate Key

• Establishes main identifier choices: It offers multiple ways to pinpoint rows, giving you flexibility beyond a single primary key.
• Supports data accuracy: When users attempt to insert a duplicate combination, the database prevents it if the candidate key is enforced.
• Simplifies design decisions: Designers can pick which candidate key best fits as the primary key or keep alternates in reserve.
• Reinforces referential links: Other tables can reliably reference these columns, knowing they lead to exactly one row in the main table.

What’s an Alternate Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

An alternate key is any candidate key that did not become the primary key. It still uniquely identifies a row in a table but isn’t chosen as the main identifier. That means a table can have multiple candidate keys (like Email and PhoneNumber), but only one of them serves as the primary key. The remaining candidate keys are known as alternate keys.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• Think of a ‘Patients’ table’ that lists each patient’s PatientID, PhoneNumber, and HealthCardID.
• You might designate PatientID as the primary key.
• In that case, PhoneNumber and HealthCardID become alternate keys if they both ensure no duplicates.

Below is a sample table where PatientID is primary, and you can treat HealthCardID or PhoneNumber as alternate keys.

Examples of an Alternate Key in Relational Database

• Email in a Users table when UserID is chosen as primary
• LicenseNumber in a Drivers’ table when DriverID serves as primary
• RollNumber in a Students table when StudentID is primary

Rules for Alternate Keys in DBMS

• Must be unique: They satisfy the same uniqueness requirement as the primary key.
• Part of candidate keys: An alternate key has the potential to be primary but isn’t selected.
• No duplication: Rows that share the same alternate key combination cause a conflict.
• Cannot be null: Typically, these fields shouldn’t have null entries.

Importance of Alternate Key

• Offers backup uniqueness: Ensures there is another way to confirm a record’s identity if the primary key ever requires a revision.
• Supports data clarity: Additional unique columns can help keep large tables more organized.
• Preserves referential freedom: Other tables can still reference these columns, knowing that each value maps to exactly one row.
• Minimizes collisions: The database rejects duplicate entries on these columns, which aids in preventing mistakes.

What’s a Foreign Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

A foreign key is a column in one table that points to a primary key in another table. Its main purpose is to link two tables so that they share information in a consistent way. When you reference a foreign key, you ensure that the data in both tables stays synchronized, and entries only appear if there’s a valid match in the primary key column.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• Consider a ‘Customers table’ that holds CustomerID as the primary key.
• There’s another table named ‘Orders’, which has OrderID, CustomerID, and details about purchased products.
• The CustomerID column in the Orders table becomes the foreign key, allowing you to see which customer placed a specific order.

Below is a table that references a foreign key from the ‘Customers table’:

Examples of a Foreign Key in Relational Database

• StudentID in an Enrollment table referencing the Students table
• BookID in a BorrowedBooks table referencing the Books table
• EmployeeID in a Timesheet table referencing the Employees table

Rules for Foreign Keys in DBMS

• Valid reference: A foreign key must point to an existing primary key (or unique key) in another table.
• No mismatch: If the parent key changes or is removed, the matching child entries need to follow the specified delete or update actions.
• Possible null: If the relationship is optional, you can leave a foreign key column empty.
• Multiple child entries: One key in the parent table can link to many rows in the child table.

Foreign Key Operations

• Creation: You define a foreign key when creating or altering a child table, often referring to the parent’s primary key.
• Cascading actions: You can specify if deleting or updating the parent row automatically affects child rows.
• Removal: Dropping a foreign key requires an ALTER statement that targets the constraint you initially defined.

Importance of Foreign Key

• Keeps data tied together: Rows in different tables stay connected through valid relationships.
• Prevents random references: The database rejects any entry that doesn’t match an existing record in the parent table.
• Maintains referential consistency: Changes in the parent row reflect in the child rows, helping you avoid orphaned data.
• Encourages modular design: Separates data across multiple tables but keeps everything well-organized.

You can also check out upGrad’s free tutorial, Difference Between Primary Key and Foreign Key.

What’s a Composite Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

A composite key is a combination of two or more columns that together make each row in a table unique. None of those columns alone can serve as the complete identifier, but merging them guarantees one-of-a-kind rows. 

Composite keys often appear in many-to-many relationships, where individual columns can repeat themselves, but their pairing remains distinct.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• Envision a ‘StudentCourse table’ that records which students sign up for which courses.
• A single StudentID can appear many times if the same student takes multiple courses.
• A single CourseID can also appear many times because multiple students may enroll in the same course.
• By merging StudentID and CourseID, you get a unique composite key.

Below is a sample table to highlight how two columns can work together:

Examples of a Composite Key in Relational Database

• (OrderID + ProductID) in an OrderDetails table, which prevents duplicates of the same product line in one order
• (StudentID + CourseID) in a StudentCourse table, as shown above
• (FlightNumber + FlightDate) in an airline schedule table, ensuring each flight on a particular date stays unique

Importance of Composite Key

• Ensures combined uniqueness: Multiple columns that individually repeat turn into a unique identifier when placed together.
• Supports many-to-many relations: Composite keys are a reliable way to link multiple entries in two different tables.
• Minimizes clutter: No need to create artificial IDs if two or more existing columns already guarantee uniqueness.
• Keeps data consistent: You avoid confusion around repeated entries because no one can insert the exact same composite values twice.

What’s a Unique Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

A unique key is a constraint that ensures no two rows in a table share the same value for a specified column. It functions similarly to a primary key but can allow a null value. You can mark a column or group of columns as unique if you need each record to stand out without necessarily making it the primary identifier of your table.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• Imagine a ‘Members table’ where you record MemberID, Email, and PhoneNumber.
• You might decide that Email should have no duplicates, even if MemberID is already the table’s main key.
• This prevents two records from using the same email while still allowing one empty slot if someone doesn’t provide an email address.

Below is a table showing unique values in the Email column:

Examples of a Unique Key in Relational Database

• Email in a Users table
• Username in an Accounts table
• LicensePlate in a Vehicles’ table

Importance of Unique Key

• Prevents duplicate entries: Keeps data cleaner by rejecting rows that repeat existing values.
• Allows controlled nulls: You can permit a single empty slot in many database systems, which gives more flexibility than a primary key.
• Improves lookups: You can find records based on these unique columns without risking mismatched results.
• Reinforces data quality: It provides another layer of protection against errors, especially when the primary key alone isn't enough.

What’s a Surrogate Key in DBMS? Learn With Examples

A surrogate key is a system-generated column that identifies each row in a table but has no direct connection to real-world data. Many databases assign an automatically incrementing number as the surrogate key, and this approach offers a stable way to keep records distinct. It won't change over time and doesn't depend on user-provided values or business rules.

Let’s understand this with an example:

• In a Users table, the column UserID can be auto-incremented by the system.
• That means every time a new user is inserted, the UserID automatically increases by one and becomes the new record's surrogate key.
• This makes sure each user has a unique identifier that’s never based on any personal details.

Below is a sample table, marking UserID as the surrogate key:

Examples of a Surrogate Key in DBMS

• System-Generated Numeric IDs: The database auto-increments an integer each time you insert a row, giving each entry a distinct number.
• UUIDs (Universally Unique Identifiers): An algorithm creates long, random strings that are highly unlikely to repeat, giving every row a unique code.
• Database-Assigned Tokens: Some systems issue tokens or session IDs on the fly to mark rows without relying on user data.
• Hybrid Surrogate Keys: A numeric prefix paired with an increment counter (like ORD-0001, ORD-0002) can simplify sorting while ensuring unique identifiers.

Importance of Surrogate Key

• Stable reference: No real-world detail can modify it, which avoids confusion if users change names, emails, or other fields.
• Smooth relationships: Other tables can link to this ID, making updates or data migrations easier since real-world data might vary.
• Clear data migrations: Surrogate keys remain consistent across systems, cutting down on mix-ups when you transfer records.
• Null-safe: Because the database auto-fills the key, there's no risk of empty or repeated fields, which can sometimes happen with natural data.

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What’s the Need for Keys in DBMS?

Data in a DBMS can turn disorganized if every record looks alike or repeats. You might have tried tracking one person’s details among hundreds of rows, only to discover entries that seem identical. DBMS Keys prevent that confusion and help you draw clear boundaries between records.

Here are some main reasons they matter:

• Unique identification: A key ensures you don’t mix up two rows or treat them as the same entry.
• Accurate relationships: Different tables can connect in an orderly way, preventing stray links or mismatched data.
• Quicker searches: You can find specific rows more easily, which means less scrolling and more precision.
• Fewer duplicates: A unique marker keeps the table from piling on identical rows that only add clutter.
• Reliable integrity: If you rely on correct data for projects or queries, a key makes each record trustworthy and consistent.

Also Read: DBMS Tutorial For Beginners: Everything You Need To Know

Primary Key vs Unique Key: Things You Should Know

Primary keys and unique keys both keep duplicate data out of your table. They do so in slightly different ways, especially when you consider their rules on null values and how they fit into the bigger design. Understanding these differences can make your database structure more efficient and flexible.

Take a look at the table below to see how each key type stands apart:

To build in-depth knowledge, you can also check out upGrad's free tutorial, Primary Key vs Unique Key.

What are the Properties of Different Types of Keys in SQL?

Keys in SQL relational databases go beyond simply ensuring no two rows look alike. They also help you maintain order, handle large volumes of data, and preserve vital relationships between tables. Each key must meet specific standards so that your database doesn’t run into conflicts or inconsistencies.

Here are the main properties you should keep in mind:

• Uniqueness: No two rows share the same key value, preventing duplicates.
• Non-Null Constraint: Most keys do not allow empty fields, so each record can be fully identified.
• Minimality: The key has no extra attributes; if any column is removed, the key no longer guarantees uniqueness.
• Stability: Key values shouldn’t change often (or at all). When they do, references in other tables may break.
• Entity Integrity: A valid key ensures each record is recognized as a distinct entity, reinforcing the table’s core structure.
• Referential Integrity: Foreign keys must match existing primary key values or be null if the relationship is optional. This prevents broken links between tables.
• Automatic Indexing: Most databases create indexes on key columns, speeding up searching and ensuring consistency checks.
• No Redundancy: The key doesn’t include needless attributes. Each column in the key has a role in making rows distinct.

What are the Benefits of Using Different Types of Keys in DBMS?

There is a definite advantage in defining more than one type of key. Each one focuses on a particular data issue, such as removing duplication or linking related records in separate tables. This arrangement keeps a database flexible and well-prepared to handle both routine data and complex scenarios.

Here are some additional benefits you gain by using these different key types:

• Data Accuracy: Columns dedicated to uniqueness block duplicate records and boost overall reliability.
• Smarter Queries: Well-chosen keys speed up lookups because the database quickly locates exact matches without sifting through unnecessary information.
• Clear Relationships: Foreign keys tie tables together in a logical way, making related records easier to update.
• Improved Maintenance: When each table follows its own key rules, you reduce mix-ups and spend less time fixing conflicts in linked entries.
• Room for Growth: Extra unique or alternate keys let you adapt the design later, ensuring your setup remains relevant even as data volume rises.

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